Wine: The Most Popular Drink in Ancient Rome
紅酒:古羅馬最受歡迎的飲品

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The history of wine drinking goes back to more than 10,000 years ago. Ancient humans probably discovered it by accident, for example by eating grapes that had gone bad. The first intentional wine making probably occurred around 9000-6000 years ago in the Middle East when people began living in permanent villages and growing grapes. But some of the biggest wine lovers in history were the ancient Romans.
飲用紅酒的歷史可追溯回一萬年前。古人可能是意外發現的,像是食用壞掉的葡萄。第一批有計畫製作的紅酒可能在六千至九千年前的中東,當人類開始居住在永久的村莊種植葡萄的時候。但歷史上一些最喜愛紅酒的人是古羅馬人。

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In ancient Rome, everybody drank wine, from the richest of the rich to the poorest of slaves. Soldiers were advised to drink at least a liter of wine per day to keep up their energy, and some historians believe that the average person in Rome drank as much as three liters per day. Drinking wine was believed to be one of life’s great pleasures, and the Romans seldom held back on indulging. Wine was served with every meal, and was also thought to be a form of medicine. The Romans even has a god of wine, Bacchus, their version of the Greek wine god Dionysus.
在古羅馬時代,每個人都喝紅酒,最富有的有錢人到最貧困的窮奴隸都會喝紅酒。士兵被建議一天至少喝一公升的紅酒來維持精力,有些歷史學家相信一般的羅馬人一天喝三公升之多。飲用紅酒被相信是一個人生命中最大的愉悅,而羅馬人很少控制自己的酒量。每份餐點有隨附紅酒,也被當成一種藥品。羅馬人甚至有酒神Bacchus,這就是羅馬版本的希臘酒神Dionysus。

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So what was Roman wine like? Usually the grapes were crushed under the feet of slaves and then collected in 400-liter pots to ferment. Honey, seawater, or a variety of spices were usually added for flavor. The wine was sometimes sweet and sometimes dry. It was usually about 12% alcohol, but most people mixed it with water.
因此羅馬的葡萄酒是什麼呢?通常奴隸用腳踩爛葡萄,然後收集400公升的壺來發酵。蜂蜜、鹽水、或是通常加入各種香料來增加風味。葡萄酒有時很甜、有時不甜。通常含有大約百分之12的酒精,但大多人會參和著水一起喝。

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In the 1990s, a group of archaeologists reopened a Roman winery in southern France that had been closed for 1800 years. In its time, the winery had produced 100,000 bottles of wine per day!
在1990年代,一群考古學家重新開放已關閉了一千八百年的南法羅馬葡萄酒園。在營運期間,葡萄園一天生產十萬瓶紅酒!

Vocabulary 好字精選

1. intentional (adj) on purpose, not accidental  有目的的、故意的
You shouldn’t be angry. His insult wasn’t intentional. 
你不應該生氣。他的侮辱不是故意的。 

2. permanent (adj) forever, not temporary  永久的,固定不變的
To become a permanent citizen of this country you have to undergo a five-year application process.
為了成為這個國家的永久居民,你必須經過五年的申請過程。

3. slave (n) a person forced to work for no pay  奴隸,苦工
Over 10 million Africans were taken to the Americas as slaves.
超過一千萬名非洲人被帶到美國當奴隸。

4. indulge (v) to allow oneself to enjoy the pleasures of something  沉迷於,使高興,讓…享受一下
Every time Cathy passes an ice cream stand, she can’t help but indulge.    
每次Cathy經過一間冰淇淋攤,她就忍不住吃了起來。

5. crush (v) to squish something  壓碎,榨,碾碎
The little old lady crushed the cockroach with her bare foot. 
這個體型嬌小的老太太用赤裸的腳踩碎蟑螂。

6. ferment (v) to turn something from juice into alcohol, or the bacterial breakdown of a food which makes it go sour   使發酵,醞釀
Kim chi, a famous Korean side dish, is made of spicy fermented cabbage.
泡菜是有名的韓國小菜,用辛辣的發酵高麗菜做的。

7. dry (adj) not sweet, for alcoholic drinks  (酒類)不甜的,乾的,乾燥的,乾旱的
Dr. Lisbon ordered a bottle of dry red wine.
李斯本醫生點了一瓶不甜的紅酒。

8. archaeologist (n) a person who digs up and analyzes human-related remains and artifacts from the past  考古學家
Archaeologists recently discovered a new Mayan pyramid in Guatemala.
考古學家最近在瓜地馬拉發現一座新的馬雅金字塔。

Phrases and Sentence Patterns 句型解析

1. from A to B (phr) to express a range  自A到B
All of our products, from the cheapest pen to the most expensive computer, are of the highest quality.
我們所有的商品,從最便宜的筆到最昂貴的電腦,都是最高的品質。

2. hold back on sth/Ving (phr) to avoid having/doing something, to use less of something  限制,退縮,保留,阻止
Kylie! Hold back on the salt! It’s going to give you a heart attack! 
Kylie!限制一下鹽巴!鹽巴會讓你心臟病發!

3. in sb’s/sth’s time (expression) at the time of sb/sth, in sb’s generation (某人)那個年代
In my grandparents’ time, their family was the only one living in this neighborhood. 
我祖父母那個年代,他們家是唯一一戶住在這個街區的。

Exercise 課後練習題

1. My messy hair is _____________; it’s the latest style!
我亂亂的頭髮是故意的;這是最新的風格!

2. John hopes to become a ____________ member of the organization because he wants to be a part of it for the rest of his life.
John希望變成這個協會的永久會員,因為他想要一輩子都在那裡有一席之位。

3. The army captured ten of their enemies and later sold them as _______________.
軍隊抓到十名敵軍,然後將他們賣去當奴隸。

4. Jennifer only ______________ in alcohol on special occasions like her birthday.
Jennifer只在特殊的場合才會喝酒,像是她生日。

5. The huge gorilla ______________ the apple in his hand.
大猩猩在手中捏碎蘋果。

6. In New Zealand, kiwis are sometimes ______________ to make wine.
在紐西蘭,奇異果有時發酵做成紅酒。

7. If you don’t like sweet wines, then I would recommend this _______________ one.
假如你不喜歡甜甜的酒,那麼我會建議這隻不甜的。

8. A team of ______________ is digging in the soil for pieces of ancient pottery.
一隊考古學家正在土壤裡挖掘一塊古代的陶土。

9. _____________ fresh fruit drinks ______________ deep fried oysters, this market sells everything!
這座市場甚麼都賣,從新鮮的水果酒到油炸牡蠣都有。

10. Don’t _____________ giving me criticism or advice. If I did something wrong, I want to know.
別保留給我評論或建議。假如我有做錯事,我想要知道。

11. _____________, my great-grandmother was the most beautiful girl in town.
在她那個年代,我的曾祖母是鄉鎮中最漂亮的女孩。

解答:
1. intentional
2. permanent
3. slaves
4. indulges
5. crushed
6. fermented
7. dry
8. archaeologists
9. From/to
10. hold back on
11. In her time

Comprehension Questions 閱讀理解

1. How was wine different in Roman times compared to today?
a. In the way it was made.
b. In its range of flavors.
c. In the volume of which it was consumed by the average person.
d. All of the above.

2. Why does the author mention a winery in southern France?
a. It produces a huge amount of wine today.
b. It proves just how long wine can last if stored properly.
c. It shows that one Roman winery can still be used in modern times.
d. It concludes the article by summarizing the main points.

解答:
1. 羅馬時代的葡萄酒和今日的葡萄酒相比之下,有何不同?
a. 製作的方式。
b. 風味的不同。
c. 一般民眾的飲用量。
d. 以上皆是。

2. 為何作者會提到南法的葡萄園?
a. 現在生產了大量的葡萄酒。
b. 可證明假如保存適當,葡萄酒可以保存多久。
c. 顯示一間羅馬葡萄園在現代依然可以使用。
d. 文章藉由總結重點來結束文章。

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